Хэрэглээ – ing ба – ed ээр төгссөн тодотголууд

Correct Forms-Ерөнхий хэлбэр	Common Errors-Ерөнхий алдаа
No food! Very few people! Terrible music! This party is very boring.	No food! Very few people! Terrible music! This party is very bored.
No food! Very few people! Terrible music! I am bored.	No food! Very few people! Terrible music! I am boring.

When the adjective ends in -ing, it means that the person or thing causes this particular effect. Rules frustrate me. Rules are frustrating. Snakes terrify me. They are such terrifying creatures.

When the adjective ends in -ed, it means that the person or thing experiences this particular effect. Rules frustrate me. I am frustrated when I have to learn them. Snakes terrify me. I`m always terrified when I see one.

Preposition Alert
Surely everybody is interested in computers?	Everybody is interested by computers?
Alert: There are no clear rules regarding what prepositions follow the adjectives ending in -ed. Learn by using them. Look at the following examples: I am not satisfied with my grades. I must study more. I am bored with this quiz. I want to switch off the computer. I am irritated by his strange habits.

bored vs. boring

Most verbs which express emotions to bore, may use either the present or the past participle as an adjective, but the meaning of the participles is different. The -ing form expresses the cause of the emotion, and the -ed form expresses the result.

Examples:

The movie was boring, so I was bored.

The movie was the cause of my emotion, so it is described with an -ing form. My emotion, the result, is described with an -ed form. The following table summarizes this.

Active Sentence	Describe Cause	Describe Result
The movie bored me.	The movie was boring.	I was bored.
The lecture interested me.	The lecture was interesting.	I was interested.
The game excited me.	The game was exciting.	I was excited.
The news alarmed me.	The news was alarming.	I was alarmed.
The monster frightened me.	The monster was frightening.	I was frightened.
The comedian amused me.	The comedian was amusing.	I was amused.

We can see from the examples that the -ing form refers to the subject of the active sentence, and the -ed form refers to the object of the active sentence. In the first example, boring refers to movie (subject) and bored refers to me (object) in the active sentence.

We can also see that things can only be described with the -ing form because things cannot have emotions. People, on the other hand, can be described with either -ing or -ed forms because they can produce emotions in other people or experience emotions themselves.

Here is a table of the most common "emotive" verbs:

Verb	Pres. Participle	Past Participle
aggravate	aggravating	aggravated
alarm	alarming	alarmed
amaze	amazing	amazed
amuse	amusing	amused
annoy	annoying	annoyed
appall	appalling	appalled
astonish	astonishing	astonished
astound	astounding	astounded
bewilder	bewildering	bewildered
bore	boring	bored
calm	calming	calmed
captivate	captivating	captivated
challenge	challenging	challenged
charm	charming	charmed
comfort	comforting	comforted
compel	compelling	compelled
confuse	confusing	confused
convince	convincing	convinced
depress	depressing	depressed
devastate	devastating	devastating
disappoint	disappointing	disappointed
disgust	disgusting	disgusted
distract	distracting	distracted
distress	distressing	distressed
disturb	disturbing	disturbed
embarrass	embarrassing	embarrassed
enchant	enchanting	enchanted
encourage	encouraging	encouraged
entertain	entertaining	entertained
excite	exciting	excited
frighten	frightening	frightened
humiliate	humiliating	humiliated
infuriate	infuriating	infuriated
inspire	inspiring	inspired
insult	insulting	insulted
interest	interesting	interested
intimidate	intimidating	intimidated
intrigue	intriguing	intrigued
mislead	misleading	misled
mystify	mystifying	mystified
overwhelm	overwhelming	overwhelmed
please	pleasing	pleased
puzzle	puzzling	puzzled
refresh	refreshing	refreshed
relax	relaxing	relaxed
reward	rewarding	rewarded
satisfy	satisfying	satisfied
shock	shocking	shocked
sicken	sickening	sickened
startle	startling	startled
surprise	surprising	surprised
tempt	tempting	tempted
terrify	terrifying	terrified
threaten	threatening	threatened
tire	tiring	tired
welcome	welcoming	welcomed
worry	worrying	worried